Phase 1: Understanding the Basics of the Internet

1. What is the Internet?

Key Concepts:

• The internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standardized protocols.
• The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of websites and web pages accessed via the internet.
• IP Addresses: Unique identifiers for devices on the internet (Internet Protocol).
  • Public IP: 203.0.113.45 – Identifies devices on the internet, assigned by ISPs (certificate name).
  • Private IP: 192.168.1.1 – Used within a LAN, like in home networks (pet name).
• DNS (Domain Name System): Translates human-readable domain names (e.g., google.com) into IP addresses (Telephone Directory).
• HTTP/HTTPS: Protocols for transferring data between a server and a browser. HTTPS is secure (encrypted).

Hands-On Practice:

Use the ping command in your computer’s terminal or command prompt to see the IP address of a website (e.g., ping google.com).

Hands-On Exercise:

Use the ping command in your computer’s terminal or command prompt to get the IP address of the following website

1. facebook.com
2. amazon.com
3. strangerephel.com
4. github.com
5. rephel-0101.github.io

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2. Domains and Hosting

Key Concepts:

• Domain Name: A human-readable address for a website (e.g., example.com).
• Web Hosting: A service that stores your website’s files and makes them accessible on the internet.
• Types of Hosting:
  • Shared Hosting: Multiple websites share the same server (affordable but slower) – Static Sites, Content Management System (CMS) & PHP with MySQL.
  • VPS Hosting: Virtual private server (more control and better performance) – Dynamic Sites, Stacks (MERN, MEAN, Python, JAVA).
  • Dedicated Hosting: Entire server dedicated to one website (expensive but powerful) – Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP).

Hands-On Exercise:

• Visit a domain registrar (e.g., Namecheap) and search for available domain names.

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3. How Websites Work

Key Concepts:

• Client-Server Model: The browser (client) sends a request to the server, which responds with the website data.
• Front-End: What users see and interact with (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) Static Sites.
• Back-End: The server-side operations that handle data processing and storage (e.g., databases, server scripts).

Hands-On Exercise:

• Open your browser’s Developer Tools (right-click > Inspect) and explore the HTML and CSS of a webpage.

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4. Basic Web Technologies

Key Concepts:

• HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The structure of a webpage (e.g., headings, paragraphs, images).
• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): The styling of a webpage (e.g., colors, fonts, layout).
• JavaScript: Adds interactivity to a webpage (e.g., animations, form validation).

Hands-On Exercise:

• Create a simple HTML file with basic elements (e.g., <h1>, <p>, <img>).
• Add CSS to style the page (e.g., change font size, color, and background).
• Use JavaScript to add interactivity (e.g., a button that displays an alert).